红豆杉营养器官的解剖学研究

通过对红豆杉营养器官的解剖学研究,阐明其根、茎、叶的结构特征,为红豆杉的开发利用研究提供了解剖学依据。研究结果表明红豆杉营养器官具有以下特征：（1）根、茎、叶中均无树脂道;（2）根、茎皮层中均有含单宁类物质的细胞分布;（3）根、茎中均有石细胞分布,（4）叶气孔器为双环型,略内陷;（5）根为二原型,（6）幼根的内皮层具凯氏带加厚,中柱鞘细胞富含单宁类物质;（7）根的次生维管组织中射线发达。     

The evolution of electroreception and bioelectrogenesis in teleost fish: a phylogenetic perspective

According to current phylogenetic theory, both electroreceptors and electric organs evolved multiple times throughout the evolution of teleosts. Two basic types of electroreceptors have been described: ampullary and tuberous electroreceptors. Ampullary‐type electroreceptors appeared once in the common ancestor of the Siluriformes+Gymnotiformes (within the superorder Ostariophysi), and on two other occasions within the superorder Osteoglossomorpha: in the African Mormyriformes and in the African Notopteriformes. Tuberous receptors are assumed to have evolved three times; all within groups that already possessed ampullary receptors. With the exception of a single catfish species, for which studies are still lacking, all fish with tuberous electroreceptors also have an electric organ. Tuberous electroreceptors are found in the two unrelated electrogenic teleost lineages (orders Gymnotiformes and Mormyriformes) and in one non‐electrogenic South American catfish species (order Siluriformes). Electric organs evolved eight times independently among teleosts: five of them among the ostariophysans (once in the gymnotiform ancestor and in four siluriform lineages), once in the common ancestor of Mormyriformes, and in two uranoscopids. With the exception of two uranoscopid genera, for which no electroreceptive capabilities have been discovered so far, all electric organs evolved as an extension of a pre‐existing electroreceptive (ampullary) condition. It is suggested that plesiomorphic electric organ discharges (EODs) possessed a frequency spectrum that fully transgressed the tuning curve of ampullary receptors, i.e. a signal such as a long lasting monophasic pulse. Complex EOD waveforms appeared as a derived condition among electric fish. EODs are under constant evolutionary pressure to develop an ideal compromise between a function that enhances electrolocation and electrocommunication capabilities, and thereby ensures species identity through sexual and behavioural segregation, and minimizes the risk of predation.     

Comparative cytomorphology of skin, lymph node, liver and bone marrow in patients with lepromatous leprosy1

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the cytological changes in skin, lymph nodes, liver and bone marrow in patients with lepromatous leprosy. METHODS: Skin lesion, lymph node, liver and bone marrow aspirates were analysed. May-Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG) and Ziehl-Neelsen (Z-N) stains were employed. Comparative cytomorphology was studied. RESULTS: Twenty patients with lepromatous leprosy were studied. Lepra cells (LC) predominated in the skin aspirates of 12 patients with lepromatous leprosy (LL), lymphocytes accompanied LC in eight patients with borderline-lepromatous (BL) leprosy. Three patients of LL leprosy and two of BL leprosy in type 2 reaction additionally had numerous neutrophils. Two patterns of lymph node aspirates were seen: partial replacement with few LC in a reactive lymphoid background (10), complete replacement with either only LC or LC in a background of degenerating neutrophils (10), the latter a feature of type 2 reaction. Liver aspiration was performed in seven patients and of bone marrow in eight patients. Occasional LC were present in five liver-aspirated patients, steatosis and Kupffer cell hyperplasia in four patients, and myelopoiesis in two patients. Bone marrow smears invariably had occasional LC and a relative increase in mature plasma cells; sea-blue histiocytes were seen in six patients. CONCLUSION: Lepra cells predominated in skin and lymph node aspirates with complete replacement. In comparison, liver, bone marrow and lymph node aspirates with partial replacement were dominated by a preponderance of cells native to these organs with only few or occasional LC.     

Effects of metopirone on the structure of endocrine glands in the male lizard,Cnemidophorus l. lemniscatus (L.)

Summary Adrenals, pituitary glands, thyroids, testes and kidneys of metopirone-treated and control male lizards were studied by light microscopy. Pituitary-interrenal axis: A great hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the interrenal cells and the pituitary corticotrophs were found in the experimental group. Pituitary-thyroid axis: Metopirone-treated animals showed a moderate hypertrophy and degranulation of pituitary thyrotrophs, and signs of uneven hyperactivity of the thyroid. Pituitary-testicular axis: By effect of metopirone, a marked regression of pituitary interstitiotrophs and a virtual disappearance of the testicular interstitial gland took place. The second portion of the kidney sexual segments appeared degranulated as in castrated animals. The pituitary folliculotrophs and the seminiferous epithelium of the testis did not show alterations.     

Ultrastructure of the sexual segments of the kidney in male and female lizards,Cnemidophorus l. lemniscatus (L.)

Summary Kidneys of adult male and female lizards were studied by electron microscopy, in order to understand the ultrastructure of the collecting duct and a differentiated part thereof, the sexual segment, which is an important accessory sexual organ. First portion of sexual segment in males: The cells are filled with large secretory granules of a wide range of opacities. The granular endoplasmic reticulum is abundant; basal formations of superimposed flat cisternae are frequent. Distended vesicles and microvesicles prevail in the supranuclear, well developed Golgi apparatus. Evidences indicate that secretion of these cells is holocrine. Second portion of sexual segment in males: All of the secretory granules are apical in location and relatively electron-opaque; they show a denser core. This core is formed by a substance which, after lying in contact with ribosomes, enters the secretory vesicles of the highly developed Golgi apparatus. A lighter substance is then condensed around it. The secretion of the granules is merocrine. The granular endoplasmic reticulum is very abundant in these cells, but basal ergastoplasmic formations are lacking. Sexual segment in females: The cells show features similar to those of the male first portion, but they are smaller. Undifferentiated collecting duct: Most of the cells are mucigenic. They have small ovoid, apical secretory granules. The density of the granules varies from cell to cell; when they are electron-lucent, they exhibit laminar or dotted opaque figures. Moderately developed Golgi apparatus and granular endoplasmic reticulum, as well as elongated mitochondria, occur in mucigenic cells. Intercalated among the latter are non-secretory cells. They have very abundant mitochondria, numerous microvilli, many pinocytic and smooth-membrane vesicles, whereas the organelles participating in synthetic processes are poorly developed; their function is most likely related to active solute transport.     

Scanning and transmission electron microscope studies on the sensory sucker papillae of the fish parasite Entobdella soleae (monogenea)

Summary The ventral surface of the posterior sucker of Entobdella soleae, a monogenean skin parasite of the sole Solea solea, is covered with more than 800 papillae ranging in size from 2.5–19 m in diameter. The papillae are penetrated by nerves which double over themselves to form a stack-like array of lamellae running parallel to the surface of the haptor. No cilia or associated structures are present within these presumed sense organs and the papillae have no opening to the exterior. The much larger sucker papillae of a related species, E. hippoglossi, have been shown to have a similar ultrastructure. The possibility that the papillae may be contact receptors or strain receptors, providing proprioceptive information assisting the coordination of the attachment organ, is discussed and the papillae are compared with vertebrate touch receptors.I should like to thank Colin Ogden of the British Museum of Natural History for the generous assistance with the scanning electron microscopy and the Director and Staff of the Plymouth Laboratory and Ken Mackenzie and Rod Wootten of the Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen for help in obtaining material.     

克里雅绿洲旱生芦苇根茎叶C、N、P化学计量特征的季节变化

旱生芦苇在水分限制、元素匮乏的环境条件下,经长期进化适应形成了自身独特的生理生态特征,研究其C、N、P化学计量特征随生长季节的变化规律有助于深入了解该植物生存和适应策略。系统分析了克里雅绿洲旱生芦苇根、茎、叶的C、N、P化学计量特征及其季节动态,深入探讨了不同生长季、不同器官以及两因素的交互作用对以上特征的影响。结果表明:旱生芦苇C、N、P含量均值分别为393.36、12.43、1.25 mg/g,C∶N、N∶P、C∶P均值分别为54.55、9.96、441.27。整个生长季内芦苇各器官间C、N、P平均含量的变化规律一致,为叶茎根,C、N、P化学计量比的变化规律不一致;芦苇C含量随生长季节的变化不断增加,N、P随季节的变化逐渐减少,C、N、P化学计量比随季节的变化规律也不尽相同。对芦苇C、N、P含量及其化学计量比整体变异来源分析显示,生长季节的变化对芦苇C、P、C∶N、C∶P变化的贡献大于器官间差异,器官间差异对芦苇N、N∶P变化的贡献大于生长季节的变化;说明芦苇生长发育过程中各生长季各器官对元素的吸收利用具有特异性。结合N、P元素含量及N∶P值的大小可知,研究区芦苇生长受到N、P共同限制,且更易受N元素的限制。     

油松幼苗非结构性碳水化合物对干旱胁迫的阶段性响应

为探讨干旱胁迫对油松非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）的影响及其响应机制,以2年生油松幼苗为对象,设置适宜水分、轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫处理（即80%、60%、40%和20%田间持水量）,比较幼苗在不同胁迫时间（15、30、45和60 d）各器官NSC含量的变化规律。结果表明：不同干旱胁迫处理程度与时间对油松幼苗当年生叶、1年生叶、茎、粗根和细根的可溶性糖、淀粉及总NSC含量均具有显著交互作用。干旱胁迫15 d时,当年生叶NSC含量在干旱胁迫处理显著低于适宜水分处理,细根NSC含量在轻度和重度胁迫处理显著高于适宜水分处理。干旱胁迫45 d时,随着胁迫程度增加,当年生叶、1年生叶、茎、粗根和细根淀粉含量均呈增加趋势。干旱胁迫60 d时,随着胁迫程度增加,细根淀粉含量呈下降趋势,细根可溶性糖及NSC含量在胁迫处理显著低于适宜水分处理。综上所述,油松幼苗胁迫初期,NSC优先供给细根以促进吸收水分,而长期胁迫,将导致NSC向下运输受阻,根系生长和吸收功能下降。这种NSC对干旱胁迫阶段性响应策略的揭示为东北地区油松幼苗造林最佳时间选择及水分管理提供数据支持。     

A set of possible sensory system preserved in cuticle of Late Devonian thylacocephalan arthropods from Poland

The cuticle of concavicarids (Arthropoda: Thylacocephala) from the early Famennian (Upper Devonian) of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland was studied with respect to its microstructural details. Investigated laminated cuticle with phosphatic/organic composition, possesses two different kinds of microstructure with assumed sensory functions. The first kind consists of circular depressions, each located in the central area of characteristic polygons forming the carapace exterior ornamentation. These depressions are interpreted as sealed during phosphatisation processes setal lumens. The second kind occurs exclusively in carapace margins. These intracuticular microstructures occur as elongated tubular structures, circular to oval in cross section, penetrating the cuticle interior but not reaching its surface. They form a thin belt with a kind of ‘sensory fields’ on the dorsum and a wider belt in the ventrocaudal part of the carapace. These belts are connected in the rostral and caudal area, forming a continuous sensory zone encompassing each valve. These structures are very similar to crustacean organule canals, and the dorsally situated ‘sensory fields’, suggest some similarity to crustacean sensory dorsal organs. This possible sensory system is the oldest of this kind found in Thylacocephala. Its morphology and presumed canal walls mineralogical composition suggests crustacean affinity of Thylacocephala.     

文冠果新梢发育过程酚类物质及相关酶活性变化特性

以文冠果新梢为试验材料,通过分析文冠果新梢生长发育过程中的茎尖、茎段、叶片的多酚、类黄酮、单宁及相关酶(苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶)活性,研究了文冠果新梢枝条发育过程中不同部位酚类物质的积累规律及相关酶活性的变化规律。结果显示:(1)文冠果新梢生长期内(4~9月)随着季节的变化,多酚、类黄酮、单宁等酚类物质含量总体上呈现上升趋势,新梢同一时期不同部位的多酚、类黄酮、单宁等酚类物质含量的分布情况相似,皆为:叶茎尖茎段。(2)文冠果不同发育时期的茎叶苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性大小为:新梢幼嫩茎段及相应叶片半木质化茎段及相应叶片木质化茎段及相应叶片;新梢叶片的多酚氧化酶活性显著高于茎段,茎尖的最低;文冠果叶片有着极强的抗氧化能力,对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)的清除率最高可达98.13%。(3)在4月29日前后,文冠果新梢各部位多酚、类黄酮和单宁含量上升趋势有显著差异,各部位苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性最低,而多酚氧化酶活性最高,木质化程度不同的茎段DPPH·清除率均降至最低,表明4月29日是文冠果新梢生长期的一个重要过渡生长阶段。(4)文冠果的新梢多酚、类黄酮、单宁之间呈极显著正相关关系;多酚、类黄酮、单宁与DPPH·清除率存在极显著正相关关系,与多酚氧化酶活性呈显著正相关关系,与苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性之间相关性不显著。研究表明,酚类物质含量是影响文冠果无性繁殖的主要因素,酚类物质含量越低,文冠果的扦插、嫁接、组培的成活率越高;新梢多酚、类黄酮、单宁等酚类物质含量在生长初期最低,后随着新梢的生长呈现显著上升趋势;文冠果无性繁殖最好在新梢生长初期进行,最佳时间为4~5月中旬。